Reliable pregnancy diagnosis in captive breeding programs can be challenging. Accurate, non-invasive biomarkers are vital for successful reproductive management of livestock and endangered wildlife. PGFM has been shown to be a practical reproductive status biomarker for several species.
Accurate reproductive monitoring is essential in wildlife conservation efforts and livestock management operations.… » Read More
In May 2018, Arbor Assays released the world’s first Cyclic GAMP ELISA Kit for STING signaling research. The 96-well plate kits (K067-H1/H5) allow researchers to easily measure 2′,3′-cGAMP in samples.
By customer request, we are pleased to announce the release of a 384-well plate format (K067-H1D) for the popular Cyclic GAMP Direct ELISA Kit.
Prebiotics are indigestible food fibers and natural sugars that stimulate the growth of healthy bacteria in the gut. Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are sugar fibers naturally found in the xylan fraction in plant fiber and they are made up of D-xylose oligomers. Due to its highly bonded structure and composition, XOS are stable at low pH and resistant to high temperature.… » Read More
For the twelfth consecutive year as Arbor Assays along with family and friends, participated in Walk MS on May 4, 2019 to raise awareness and funds to support the National Multiple Sclerosis Society. The rain held off for the walk at Monument Park in Dexter, MI!… » Read More
A spinal cord injury (SCI) may occur due to a sudden blow to the spine causing vertebral fractures, compressions or dislocations. An SCI can also damage the spinal cord itself, which is a collective bundle of nervous tissues, causing muscle and body coordination issues and sometimes paralysis.… » Read More
Visiting a whale habitat and seeing these magnificent creatures up close is a wonderful experience. Free-swimming whales, including Humpbacks, are an eye-catching species for sightseeing. In past years, a huge decline in the number of humpback whales has been observed, mostly due to human impact.… » Read More
The C57BL/6 mouse strain, also known as “black 6”, was developed at the Bussey Institute from C.C. Little’s C57BL strain originally created in the 1920s. These dark-coated mice are a popular model organism for a variety of biomedical research studies. The dark coat makes this a convenient strain for creating transgenic mice as they can be crossbred with congenic light coated 129 mice to produce disease models.… » Read More
A recent study by Gao and Matsumoto in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology (S0378-8741(18)34424-6) reported significant reduction in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)-like behaviors in mice treated with Kami-shoyo-san (KSS), a traditional Japanese herbal medicine.
ASD includes a range of neurodevelopmental disorders where affected individuals are often hyper-sensitive to sensory stimuli, have problems with social interaction, and exhibit restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior.… » Read More
2′,3′-Cyclic GAMP Direct EIA Kit
The innate immune system is the body’s crucial first defense against viral infections and it is dependent upon a group of pattern recognition receptors. cGMP-AMP Synthase (cGAS) responds to the presence of viral DNA in the cytosol by producing 2’,3’ cGAMP.… » Read More
A recent study from the Western University of Health Sciences found strong evidence for the anti-mycobacterial potential of flavonoids on tuberculosis infection in at-risk populations.
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death by infectious diseases with an estimated one-quarter of the world’s population testing positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb).… » Read More
While oxidative damage to DNA is an inevitable byproduct of cellular metabolism, excess DNA oxidation is frequently associated with carcinogenesis, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular disease.
Free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced during normal cellular metabolism and also by ultraviolet or ionizing radiation.… » Read More
Marine wildlife researchers prefer minimally invasive methods when collecting samples for endocrine studies. Samples like respiratory vapor (‘blow’) and blubber are commonly used but have yet to be validated for these purposes for many cetacean species. A recent study reported by Mingramm and Keeley in General and Comparative Endocrinology examined the performance of blow and blubber hormone monitoring for evaluating the reproductive and adrenal condition of captive bottlenose dolphins.… » Read More
Arbor Assays is pleased to announce the immediate release of the newest assay kit for reproductive biology research. The DetectX® Progesterone Metabolite Immunoassay Kit, K068-H1/H5, was developed to quantitatively measure Progesterone metabolites present in extracted fecal samples and urine.… » Read More
Along with its well-known function combating oxidative stress through its role as a critical source of reducing power, Glutathione (GSH) is involved in a number of diverse functions including apoptosis, disulfide bond formation, detoxification, antioxidant defense, maintenance of thiol status, and modulation of cell proliferation.… » Read More
Modern life can be somewhat stressful and excessive stress is related to a wide variety of diseases. It is thought certain foods can help relieve stress through antioxidant activity and by suppressing stress biomarkers in serum.… » Read More
The newly improved DetectX® Protein Kinase A Colorimetric Activity Kit (K027-H1) from Arbor Assays provides a sensitive and reliable method for screening inhibitors or activators of PKA and for quantitating PKA activity in a wide range of sample types. The 96-well format kit utilizes a synthetic peptide as a substrate for PKA and a rabbit monoclonal antibody that recognizes the phosphorylated form of the substrate with a three hour assay.… » Read More
Kimchi, a staple in Korean cuisine, is a famous traditional side dish made from salted and fermented vegetables, most commonly napa cabbage and Korean radishes. Kimchi has been regarded worldwide as a functional health food, and the antioxidant, antiobesity, and antidiabetic activities of kimchi have been widely studied.… » Read More
Arbor Assays is proud to offer our Research the Cure™ program for the 8th consecutive year. The program helps support important medical research programs. This year proceeds from each kit purchased will support the Scleroderma Research Foundation as part of our Research the Cure™ program.… » Read More
Compounds found in brightly colored vegetables offer protection from oxidative stress related diseases through increasing Glutathione Peroxidase Activity.
A recent University of Barcelona study by Vera et. al. used Arbor Assay’s Glutathione Fluorescent Detection Kit, K006-F to demonstrate significant inhibitory effect of endothelial cell activation and reduction of reactive oxygen species with an in vitro model of uremia.… » Read More
A recent study by Cavaretta et al. from the Mediterranean Neurological Institute and the University of Rome shows the effect of dark chocolate consumption on biomarkers of oxidative stress and muscle damage in a randomized controlled trial. … » Read More
It is well documented that alcohol during pregnancy can cause complications for pregnancy and birth, but little is known about the effects of parental binge ethanol (EtOH) drinking on future pregnancy and offspring.
A previous study by Asimes et al, 2017 showed that parental binge EtOH drinking caused modifications to the DNA of their progeny; however, the phenotypical and hormonal alterations in the offspring born to binge EtOH-exposed parents were not explored at that time.… » Read More
Post-mitotic neuronal cells are more sensitive to the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in their surroundings than other cells. To remove excess amounts of deleterious ROS, neurons rely on oxidative phosphorylation and antioxidants such as glutathione (GSH). Previous studies have observed reduced levels of GSH in neuronal cells during neurological disorders, cognitive impairments and aging.… » Read More
Arbor Assays is proud to support the Warrior-Scholar Project at Yale University for a second year. We provided the Warrior-Scholar Project with Cortisol EIA Kits (K003-H) for use in the second week of the program during the Hormones and Behaviors course. … » Read More
NOW AVAILABLE
World’s First 2′,3′ Cyclic GAMP Direct EIA Kit from
Experts in Cyclic Nucleotide Assays
2′,3′ Cyclic GAMP Direct EIA Kits, Catalog No: K067-H1/H5
FEATURES
The innate immune system is the body’s crucial first defense against viral infections and it is dependent upon a group of pattern recognition receptors.… » Read More
Even with significant protections in place, whale populations continue to be low relative to apparent historic norms. Unfortunately, the reasons for low population and slow population growth have proven to be elusive. Wild whales are difficult subjects for study. Samples are hard to obtain, collection stressful for the whales, and getting repeated samples from the same individual over time is extremely rare. … » Read More
Monogamous primates living in small family groups often exhibit delayed patterns of reproduction. In many species, females will not conceive until after they have left the family group into which they were born and become established within a new group. There are a number of theories as to why this may happen, and through what means reproduction is suppressed. … » Read More
A great deal of attention is paid to glucocorticoid levels in connection with the conservation of animal species in the wild or in captivity. However, monitoring the stress levels of laboratory test animals such as mice and rats can also be critical to understanding the results of the experiments in which they are used. … » Read More
New Kit Coming in May of 2018!
FEATURES:
Use: Measure 20-hydroxyecdysone from a variety of species
Broad Range: 25,000 pg/mL – 100 pg/mL
Time to Answer: 2.5 hours
Specificity: Highly Specific to 20-hydroxyecdysone, very low cross reactivity with other steroids
Ecdysones are a group of steroid hormones that regulate metamorphosis, cell death, and reproduction in arthropods.… » Read More
Arbor Assays is Pleased to Announce the World’s First Cyclic GAMP EIA Kit for
STING Signaling Research.
Coming in May 2018.
Cyclic GAMP EIA Kit, Catalog No: K067-H
FEATURES
The innate immune system is the body’s crucial first defense against viral infections and it is dependent upon a group of pattern recognition receptors. … » Read More
Sleep disturbances, including sleep fragmentation, are known to occur more frequently in individuals with type 2 diabetes than in the general population. Poor sleep has been shown to negatively impact glycemic control and may exacerbate negative metabolic outcomes when combined with other risk factors.… » Read More
The normalization of specific quantitative assay results is critical to interpretation of biological system status. With cells grown in culture and lysed, a simple total protein determination such as the Bradford assay developed by Marion Bradford at the University of Georgia in 1976 will give an estimate of cellular protein.… » Read More
Interaction between the serine/threonine protein phosphatase calcineurin and the NFAT family of transcription factors plays a critical regulatory role in the regulation of a variety of physiological functions. Calcineurin inhibitors are widely used as drugs to suppress inflammation and immune response, including protecting organ transplant recipients from rejection. … » Read More
“If we are to have peace on earth, our loyalties must become ecumenical rather than sectional. Our loyalties must transcend our race, our tribe, our class, and our nation; and this means we must develop a world perspective.”
Martin Luther King Jr., Christmas 1967
April 4th 2018, marks the 50th anniversary of the assassination of Dr.… » Read More
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, while response to the only available vaccine (BCG) varies widely with a number of factors. In the majority of cases, TB infection in otherwise healthy individuals is rendered latent by the formation for granulomas. … » Read More
The neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin were isolated and synthesized by Vincent du Vigneaud at Cornell Medical College in 1953, work for which he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1955.… » Read More
Under normal cellular conditions there is a constant balancing act between the creation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their elimination by the antioxidant system including enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. Abnormally low levels of ROS can impede cellular signaling and some normal intracellular reactions, while overly high levels of ROS create oxidative stress which can lead to the improper oxidation of lipids, proteins and DNA resulting eventually resulting in apoptosis, necrosis, and other cellular damage.… » Read More
Assay Features:
Testosterone, C19H28O2, (4-Androsten-17ß-ol-3-one) is a steroid hormone from the androgen group and is found in mammals, reptiles, birds, and other vertebrates.… » Read More
Acute inflammation is commonly associated with activation of the HPA axis leading to higher levels of circulating glucocorticoids. However, studies have indicated that some persistent inflammatory conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, are associated with abnormal HPA responses. What causes this abnormal HPA axis response is not currently understood. … » Read More
Empathy is perhaps the most human of all human traits, but relatively little is understood about how empathy works on a biochemical and neurological level. In a recent paper by Pisansky et al. the authors examine the phenomenon of fear-contagion, an empathy-like response in mice, and whether oxytocin might play a role in how animals react to the stress of others.… » Read More
Mining is an inherently invasive and destructive activity with broad ranging and long term effects on the environment. Despite advances in regulation and oversight, pollution remains a significant and long term problem.
A recent paper by Beyer et al. examined the effects of environmental heavy metal contamination from mine tailing and run off on the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus). … » Read More
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is the most abundant circulating C19 steroid in humans. Although DHEA itself has very low androgenic activity, it is the major intermediate in the biosynthesis of the more potent androgen and estrogen sex steroids. DHEA is secreted primarily by the adrenal glands, but may also be produced in the gonads and brain.… » Read More
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a tetrameric heme-containing protein abundantly produced in neutrophil granulocytes where it plays an important anti-microbial role. Normally stored in azurophilic granules, MPO is released into the extracellular space during degranulation. There, as part of the neutrophils “respiratory burst” it produces hypochlorous acid from hydrogen peroxide and Cl–.… » Read More
As human population grows, our species continues to expand into habitats previously occupied by other species around the globe. Unfortunately, we do not make very good neighbors. The impact of human industry and occupation are diverse and devastating. In addition to the obvious physical habitat lost to concrete and paving, there is further harm done by chemical, noise and light pollution, introduction of non-native species, and increased spread of diseases. … » Read More
Ceruloplasmin (Cp) is a blue-colored glycoprotein that contains six copper ions per molecule. It is an acute phase protein – concentrations increase in response to inflammation – and also functions as the main copper transport system in the body. Copper is incorporated into the molecule when it is synthesized by heptaocytes, and released when the Cp is catabolized.… » Read More
The cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily of heme-containing enzymes displays great diversity with regard to substrate specificity and catalytic activity. P450s use a plethora of both exogenous and endogenous compounds as substrates in enzymatic reactions, often functioning as the terminal oxidase enzymes in electron transfer reactions (see figure below).… » Read More
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone primarily involved in the regulation of sodium and potassium levels in blood as part of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Aldosterone increases reabsorbation of sodium from the tubular epithelial cells of kidneys back into the blood, while at the same time moving potassium ions from the blood into the kidneys for eventual excretion in urine.… » Read More
Much of what is currently known about the reproductive physiology of wild equine species is based on behavioral observation or data collected from culled individuals. It is tempting to fill in gaps in knowledge of a rare species by assuming similarity to a more common relative we know more about, however this can be misleading as even closely related species may not exhibit similar reproductive patterns. … » Read More
View over 200 Citations for our Corticosterone EIA Kits
Corticosterone is a glucocorticoid secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland in response to stimulation by adrenocorticotropic hormone.… » Read More
Induced pluripotent stem cells are a powerful tool for investigating the molecular mechanisms that underlie cell development in vitro. A November 2017 paper by Matsuo et al. examined the process of steroidogenic differentiation using human stem cell derived intermediate mesoderm cells known to be the origin of human adrenal cortex and gonads. … » Read More
The cholinesterase family of enzymes hold important roles in a variety of bodily functions. Acetylcholine esterase (Acetylcholinesterase, AChE) is critical for CNS functions, whereas butyrylcholine esterase (Butyrylcholinesterase, BChE) is a nonspecific cholinesterase enzyme that hydrolyzes many different choline-based esters.
The use of AChE inhibitors as therapeutic agents and pesticides has spurred detailed investigations of cholinesterases after the initial physical characterization of the enzyme by Leuzinger in the late 1960’s (2).… » Read More
The majority of conservation efforts across the globe are based on the well-studied distribution of mammal, bird, and amphibian species, forming much of what we currently understand about global biodiversity. However, a recent paper in Nature Ecology and Evolution by U.… » Read More
Free radicals and other reactive species are constantly generated in vivo and cause oxidative damage to biomolecules. This process is held in check by the existence of multiple antioxidant and repair systems, as well as the replacement of damaged nucleic acids, proteins and lipids.… » Read More
Methylation and demethylation of cellular proteins and DNA/RNA plays a significant role in the regulation of a variety of signal transduction pathways including protein translation and complex energy transfer systems
Because the enzymes responsible for methylation and demethylation reactions are deeply intertwined with the systems they regulate, these enzymes can be especially tricky to study and understand. … » Read More
Monogamous primates living in small family groups often exhibit delayed patterns of reproduction. In many species, females will not conceive until after they have left the family group into which they were born and become established within a new group. There are a number of theories as to why this may happen, and through what means reproduction is suppressed. … » Read More
Because we believe in giving back to our community, Arbor Assays makes a charitable donation each year based upon the number of kit products sold within that year. In a program we call “Research the Cure™”, this donation goes directly to a charity supporting medical research chosen by the Arbor Assays employees. … » Read More
Even with significant protections in place, whale populations continue to be low relative to apparent historic norms. Unfortunately, the reasons for low population and slow population growth have proven to be elusive. Wild whales are difficult subjects for study. Samples are hard to obtain, collection stressful for the whales, and getting repeated samples from the same individual over time is extremely rare. … » Read More
Hemoglobin is an iron containing, multi-subunit protein responsible for transporting oxygen from the respiratory organs to the rest of the body tissues in vertebrates (with the exception of fish from the family Channichthyidae – which use a different oxygen transport system).… » Read More
Use of nanoparticles in a wide range of consumer and industrial applications is already widespread and expected to increase exponentially during the next decade. While the properties of the corresponding bulk materials may be familiar and well understood, nanoparticles have unique physiochemical properties and little is currently understood about their long term impact on health and the environment. … » Read More
Human beings have been altering our environment since prehistoric times and these changes impact human health and development in many different ways. In modern times, the levels of chemical environmental contaminates that the average human is exposed to have been increasing at an incredible rate with significant impact on health.… » Read More
The ability of cells to perceive and correctly adapt to their microenvironment is critical for maintaining normal homeostasis and development as well as for appropriate response to external stimuli. Receptors on the cell surface bind extracellular signaling molecules and transfer that signal to the interior of the cell, setting in motion a cascade of enzymatic reactions and secondary messenger molecules, ultimately altering cell function in response to the extracellular message.… » Read More
As seeds age, their ability to germinate declines even if stored under optimal conditions. This loss of production potential is an obstacle to agricultural production and to germplasm and species conservation. Understanding how this occurs and potentially preventing or slowing the loss of seed vigour is of great interest to plant researchers.… » Read More
Domestic dogs are highly social pack animals with an advanced ability to form complex relationships and to read and interpret human behavior, innately so from the first trial with little to no learning curve regardless of age or rearing. They display a strong attachment for their owners and other familiar people that studies have shown to be analogous to human attachment behaviors.… » Read More
Features
The World Health Organization has estimated 250 million children have moderate to severe Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) due to lack of adequate nutrition and the rising cost of food staples around the world further exacerbates this problem.… » Read More
Corticosterone is a glucocorticoid secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland in response to stimulation by adrenocortocotropic hormone.… » Read More
Features:
Many new synthetic transformations have been developed that use palladium (Pd) compounds for the catalysis of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom coupling reactions such as the Buchwald-Hartwig, Heck, Kumada, Negishi, Nozaki-Hiyama, Sonogashira, Stille, SuzukiMiyaura, and Tsuji-Trost transformations.… » Read More
Now Measure Cortisol from 50 pg/mL – 3200 pg/mL
Cortisol, (hydrocortisone, compound F) is the primary glucocorticoid produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex in humans and other primates. It is often referred to as the “stress hormone” as it is involved in the response to stress, and affects blood pressure, blood sugar levels, and other actions of stress adaptation.… » Read More
Rapid environmental change, including global warming, presents significant challenges in adaptation for all residents of a changing biome. The ability to adapt to these challenges, to cope with the environmental stresses created by them, is a key factor in determining what species are likely to survive and which might be pushed to extinction.… » Read More
Over activated or over abundant neutrophils generate superoxide anion and other reactive oxidants which can create significant oxidative stress and may play a key role in the progression and development of both acute and chronic inflammatory disease. Understanding and eventually blocking the burst of neutrophil activity associated with some inflammatory diseases holds promise as a treatment modality for a number of diseases that are currently poorly managed for patients. … » Read More
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an increasing common clinical disorder affecting more than 20% of patients in hospital. There are multiple causes for AKI, but one of the most significant is ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), characterized by severe renal tubular damage and rapid worsening of renal function. … » Read More
Studies in a wide range of species1-5,7 have shown that the stress hormone cortisol can be measured in hair samples. Furthermore, since it has been proven cortisol is deposited in hair as the hair grows, hair cortisol levels can provide information on chronic or long term stress levels that may not be observable in the relative snap-shot provided by fecal or blood samples. … » Read More
Under normal cellular conditions there is a constant balancing act between the creation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their elimination by the antioxidant system including enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. Abnormally low levels of ROS can impede cellular signaling and some normal intracellular reactions, while overly high levels of ROS create oxidative stress which can lead to the improper oxidation of lipids, proteins and DNA resulting eventually resulting in apoptosis, necrosis, and other cellular damage.… » Read More
When considering the impact of chemicals our planet and the life forms that live here, it is instinctive to focus on things like highly toxic or carcinogenic solvents or other industrial materials. These sorts of toxins certainly are harmful to the environment and appropriate containment and disposal is a must, however there is another group of chemicals that pose significant but much less understood risk – prescription and over the counter drugs. … » Read More
Animal welfare has been defined as “a state of complete health, both physical and mental, in which the animal is in harmony with its environment. Welfare assessment is an important component in the care of all zoo animals, but is even more critical for individuals who were hand-reared because their reactions to various potential environmental stressors may be different from those of animals reared by a parent. … » Read More
The physical “costs” of reproduction to an organism, particularly under less than ideal conditions, have been the subject of many studies in recent years. Theories suggest the physical investment in a pregnancy may sometimes come at the cost of either individual survival or future reproductive events. … » Read More
Thanks to many years of careful planning and habitat restoration, several species including Black footed ferrets, California condors, Grey wolves, Musk ox, Golden eagles and Northern river otters have been or are being reintroduced into areas of their range where historic populations have disappeared or greatly diminished due to pressure from various human activities. … » Read More
Glomular Filtration Rate (GFR) is the metric normally used to assess kidney function. It can be determined either by measuring the concentration of endogenous markers such as urea nitrogen or creatinine in serum, or by measuring the clearance rate of exogenous indicators such as inulin, iohexol or 51Cr-EDTA or 125I-iothalamate.… » Read More
It has been demonstrated cancer chemotherapy depends on administration of treatment at times that coincide with both optimal drug metabolism and cellular processes such as apoptosis, DNA repair and changes to cell cycle progression. Given we know immune response is also strongly influenced by circadian cycles, it seems reasonable to consider the possibility that the daily cycles of cytokines and immune response proteins may also contribute to the effectiveness of chemotherapeutics. … » Read More
Monitoring of reproductive endocrinology is a very important tool in the management of animal populations both in captivity and in the wild. Whenever possible measuring key indicators such as estrogens, progestogens, and androgens using non-invasive sample types is prefered so that animals under study are not subjected to the stress of handling and blood collection.… » Read More
Stress and mineralization responses to environmental stress in Mantis Shrimp
Calcified marine organisms face a double edged sword as global warming increases not only the temperature of ocean waters, but also the level of acidification. Many such organisms that live within the intertidal zone are already adapted to cope with the broad fluctuations in temperature and pH that occur with each tidal cycle – but precisely how the species cope with the stressors of increased temperature and decreased pH varies widely and have costs that can include increased energy demands, growth restriction, physiological stress, and changes in mineralization. … » Read More
Changes in the length of day throughout the year can be a marker for critical species functions such as migration, hibernation, and mating. These changes have been shown to affect an organism’s morphology and hormones as well as other biomarkers. For example, the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 have previously been demonstrated to have roles in the regulation of photoperiod response in birds. … » Read More
Allopregnanolone is made from progesterone which is converted into 5α-dihydroprogesterone by 5α-reductase type I, and 3α-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase isoenzymes. This 5α-dihydro intermediate is then converted into allopregnanolone. 3α-hydroxysteroids do not interact with classical intracellular steroid receptors but bind stereoselectively and with high affinity to receptors for the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain, γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA). … » Read More
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a tetrameric heme-containing protein abundantly produced in neutrophil granulocytes where it plays an important anti-microbial role. Normally stored in azurophilic granules, MPO is released into the extracellular space during degranulation. There, as part of the neutrophils “respiratory burst” it produces hypochlorous acid from hydrogen peroxide and Cl–.… » Read More
The measurement of stress hormones such as corticosterone or cortisol is generally associated with research focused on impacts of stress or stress management. However, there are many times when it may be just as important to rule out stress as a potential cause for neurological symptoms or behaviors.… » Read More
Stress – the condition keepers and animal husbandry professionals most want to avoid for the animals in their care. Psychosocial and environmental stress can have significant effects not just on day to day mood and demeanor, but also on the immune system, reproduction, and life span.… » Read More
Oxidative stress has been implicated in a wide variety of pathologies including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, atherosclerosis, heart attack and cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and chronic fatigue syndrome. Oxidative stress also triggers a process called mitohormesis, which may play a significant role in normal aging.… » Read More
Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide (gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine) that is found in all mammalian tissues and is especially concentrated in the liver (1-10 mM). Along with its known function combating oxidative stress, GSH is also important for the detoxification of xenobiotics and metabolites, the regulation of cell growth and cell death, the regulation of the nitric oxide cycle, the storage of cysteine, the maintenance of redox potential and the modulation of immune function.… » Read More
An important consideration in the study of hormones is their variability in response to internal and external stimuli, which can provide insight into a variety of biological processes of interest to conservation and management. This essential variability is, of course, what makes these molecules valuable to study, but it adds interesting complications to the sample collection.… » Read More
Metabolomics involves the characterization of small molecule metabolites found in an organism, increasingly used in health applications such as pharmacology, pre-clinical drug trials, toxicology, transplant monitoring, newborn screening and clinical chemistry.… » Read More
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is the most abundant circulating C19 steroid in humans. Although DHEA itself has very low androgenic activity, it is the major intermediate in the biosynthesis of the more potent androgen and estrogen sex steroids. DHEA is secreted primarily by the adrenal glands, but may also be produced in the gonads and brain.… » Read More
17-Hydroxyprogesterone (17-HO-P) is a steroid hormone from the androgen group found in mammals, reptiles, birds, and other vertebrates. It was first isolated from the adrenal glands of cattle by Pfiffner and North at Parke, Davis and Company in Detroit, Michigan in 19401.… » Read More
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP or cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP or cGMP) are prolific intracellular signaling molecules. cAMP is synthesized from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the enzyme adenylyl cyclase (AC) and used for intracellular signal transduction in many different organisms.… » Read More
Glucocorticoids like corticosterone guide fundamental processes associated with converting sugar, fat, and protein stores to useable energy, inhibiting swelling and inflammation, and suppressing immune responses following a stress event. Corticosterone is a glucocorticoid secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland in response to stimulation by the adrenocorticotropic hormone.… » Read More
Researchers examining developmental antecedents of depression in adolescents looked at the relationship between cognitive vulnerabilities and poor recovery of the biological stress system as measured through heart rate and cortisol. In their study published in February 2016, authors found a strong link between higher depressive symptoms and the combination of greater cognitive vulnerabilities and lower cortisol and heart rate recovery.… » Read More
The Arbor Assays Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) Multi-Format EIA Kit uses a unique Prostaglandin E2 monoclonal antibody developed by Arbor Assays that allows one assay to handle all the formats and sensitivities previously covered by the hugely popular and well-published K018 series of PGE2 immunoassays (EIA, CLIA and High-Sensitivity EIA), which it replaces.… » Read More
As climate change and the human population continues to increase, understanding the impact these changes have on our world and the species it harbors becomes ever more critical. Experimental understanding of the stress responses of key animal species can provide a means of quantitatively measuring the biological impact of factors like temperature change, xenobiotic contamination, crowding, and resource loss individually or in combinations that mimic projected real world conditions.… » Read More
The neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin were isolated and synthesized by Vincent du Vigneaud at Cornell Medical College in 1953, work for which he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1955. Oxytocin is highly conserved across vertebrate species and consists of nine amino acids linked with a [1-6] disulfide bond and a semi-flexible carboxyamidated tail.… » Read More
Levonorgestrel (LNG) is a synthetic steroid analogue used in a number of birth control methods. Levonorgestrel was first made in the 1960s and has been used as a method of birth control since the 1980s. Today it is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system, and is available as a generic medication.… » Read More
The neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin were isolated and synthesized by Vincent du Vigneaud at Cornell Medical College in 1953, work for which he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1955. The neurohypophysial hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP), also known as antidiuretic hormone, is involved in a wide range of physiological regulatory processes, including renal water reabsorption, cardiovascular homeostasis, hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary, and modulation of social behavior and emotional status.… » Read More
The normalization of specific quantitative assay results is critical to interpretation of biological system status. With cells grown in culture and lysed, a simple total protein determination such as the Bradford assay developed by Marion Bradford at the University of Georgia in 1976 will give an estimate of cellular protein.… » Read More
Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a peptide of 21 amino acid residues, is a pleiotropic molecule known for its action as a potent vasoconstrictor. ET-1 is one of a family of three proteins encoded by distinct genes that also includes Endothelin-2 (ET-2) and Endothelin-3 (ET-3).… » Read More
The World Health Organization has estimated 250 million children have moderate to severe Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) due to lack of adequate nutrition, and the rising cost of food staples around the world further exacerbates this problem. In addition to nutritional deficiencies, infectious stresses have been shown to depress retinol concentrations causing individuals with diseases that interfere with adsorption or storage of vitamin A such as cystic fibrosis, pancreatic insufficiency, duodenal bypass, celiac, cirrhosis etc.… » Read More
The ThioStar® molecule is designed to quantitatively measure thiol groups generated or present in samples.… » Read More
The hugely popular K018 series of PGE2 Immunoassays, sold since 2010, has been discontinued as of June 1, 2015, and replaced with K051-H, PGE2 Multi-Format EIA Kit, for measurement of PGE2. The 2014 launched DetectX® PGE2 EIA kit, K051-H1 and K051-H5, uses an internally developed monoclonal to PGE2. … » Read More
NOVEMBER 16, 2015 – Ann Arbor SPARK recently presented its annual FastTrack award to Arbor Assays for its impressive record of growth, along with 13 other Washtenaw County-based companies.
FastTrack awards are presented to companies with a 2011 revenue of at least $100,000 and an annual growth of 20 percent during the subsequent three years, which Arbor Assays exceeded.… » Read More
The PGE2 Multi-format EIA, K051-H1/H5, takes all of the best features of our previous three PGE2 kits and combines them into one. It is a fabulous product! If you’ve been a long time K018 user, no need to fret. We are offering customers who have used that kit in the past a free K051 kit to try, with your next order.… » Read More
Arbor Assays and the International Society of Wildlife Endocrinology (ISWE) signed an exclusive agreement for Arbor Assays to supply ISWE members with EIA kits for wildlife conservation research. The Agreement was signed this October at SEZARC, the South-East Zoo Alliance for Reproduction & Conservation in Yulee, Florida.… » Read More
The BEST Internship Pilot is a program offered by the NIH to doctoral students seeking internships in six career areas- law, business, communication, teaching, community engagement, and government. Broadening Experiences in Scientific Training (BEST) was designed for doctoral students interested in exploring careers beyond academia.… » Read More
The DetectX® Aldosterone CLIA assay is the most sensitive assay available anywhere to measure Aldosterone. Sensitivity of 2.06 pg/mL. Multi-species. Perfect complement to our colorimetric Aldosterone EIA kit, K052-H1 and K052-H5.
… » Read MoreNew monoclonal-based DetectX® Multi-Format Prostaglandin E2 kit, K051-H1 and K051-H5, measures PGE2 in cell lysates, serum, plasma, tissue, urine and media without extraction. Multi-format kit allows measurement of PGE2 from 1,000 down to 2 pg/mL.
The DetectX® Oxytocin CLIA assay is the world’s most sensitive assay to measure oxytocin. Sensitivity of 6.3 pg/mL. Measures all species.
… » Read MoreThe DetectX® Serum Estradiol Immunoassay (EIA/ELISA) kit is designed to quantitatively measure 17ß-estradiol present in serum and plasma samples.
… » Read MoreAnother unique product.
The DetectX® Allopregnanolone Immunoassay (EIA/ELISA) kit is designed to quantitatively measure Allopregnanolone present in serum, plasma, extracted dried fecal samples, urine and tissue culture media samples.
An allopregnanolone standard is provided to generate a standard curve for the assay and all samples should be read off the standard curve.… » Read More
On June 5th, 2013 we hosted an Open House to celebrate our recent expansion and renovation. We doubled our premises and added improved workspace, workflow, lighting, energy efficiency, and installation of a larger generator. We hosted 50 local business leaders, bankers, attorneys, web designers, artists and the people who made the expansion possible.… » Read More
For the sixth consecutive year as Arbor Assays, we, along with family and friends, have participated in Walk MS on June 22, 2013 to raise awareness and funds to support the National Multiple Sclerosis Society. The weather was hot, the Hudson Mills Metropark route relaxing and we had a great time! … » Read More
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced as a consequence of normal aerobic metabolism and the free radicals produced may be responsible for a variety of pathological conditions including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and chronic fatigue syndrome.
The FRAP™ (Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma) Assay Kit is designed to quantitatively measure antioxidant status in a variety of samples.… » Read More
Our new Galactose Colorimetric Detection kit allows galactose to be easily and conveniently measured in serum, plasma or buffer solutions.
… » Read MoreOur Newsletter E mail sign up form is on every web page. Remember – your information is secure and we never share your E mail or contact information.
High Sensitivity PGE2 EIA Kit –
“In vitro enantioselective pharmacodynamics of Carprofen and Flunixin-meglumine in feedlot cattle”
Urea Nitrogen N-Cal™ Detection Kit –
“Yeast cell wall supplementation alters the metabolic responses of crossbred heifers to an endotoxin challenge”
Link:http://ini.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/04/19/1753425913482152.abstract
Direct Cyclic AMP CLIA Kit –
“B.… » Read More
Cyclic AMP Chemiluminescent CLIA Kit –
“Autocrine Regulation of Macrophage Activation via Exocytosis of ATP and Activation of P2Y11 Receptor”
Link: http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0059778
Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Detection Kit –
“Associations between endotoxin-induced metabolic changes and temperament in Brahman bulls”
Corticosterone Colorimetric EIA Kit –
“Effect of Breed, Cage Type, and Reproductive Phase on Fecal Corticosterone Levels in Doe Rabbits“
Link: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10888705.2013.768903
Corticosterone Colorimetric EIA Kit –
“Natural variation in circulating testosterone does not predict nestling provisioning rates in the northern cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis”
Link: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000334721300095X
Corticosterone Colorimetric EIA Kit – “Modulation in Wistar Rats of Blood Corticosterone Compartmentation by Sex and a Cafeteria Diet”
Link: http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0057342
GSH Colorimetric Detection Kit – “Glutathione Supplementation Improves Macrophage Functions in HIV”
Link: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/jir.2012.0103
PGE2 EIA Kit – “Abnormal circadian rhythm and cortisol excretion in autistic children: a clinical study”
Link:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3583392/pdf/CroatMedJ_54_0033.pdf
PGE2 EIA Kit – “Microglia Are Essential to Masculinization of Brain and Behavior”
Link: http://www.jneurosci.org/content/33/7/2761.short
Cyclic AMP Direct EIA Kit – “Identifying Target Genes related to Respiratory Network Dysfunction in a Mouse Model for the Rett Syndrome”
PLUS! … » Read More
Just add samples! Our new Total Protein Detection kit gives you everything you need to measure the protein content of serum, urine, lysates or homogenates. The most sensitive BCA kit available can measure <1.7 ug/mL of protein or about 84 pg of protein! … » Read More
Formaldehyde Fluorescent Kit – “GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT SYMPOSIUM:Development, characterization, and use of a porcine epiblast-derived liver stem cell line: ARS-PICM-19″
ThioStar® – “Transcription and redox enzyme activities: comparison of equilibrium and disequilibrium levels in the three-spined stickleback”
Link: http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/280/1755/20122974.short
ThioStar® – “Resistance to oxidative damage but not immunesuppression by organic tin compounds in natural populations of Daubenton’s bats (Myotis daubentoni)”
Link: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1532045613000148
GSH Fluorescent Kit – “Bisphenol A activates Nrf1/2-antioxidant response element pathway in HEK 293 cells”
Link: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/tx400036v
PGE2 CLIA – “Ibuprofen Inhibits Colitis-Induced Overexperssion of Tumor-Related Rac1b”
Link: http://www.neoplasia.com/pdf/manuscript/v15i01/neo121890.pdf
cAMP Direct EIA – “Zolmitriptan: A Novel Portal Hypotensive Agent Which Synergizes with Propranolol in Lowering Portal Pressure”
Link: http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0052683
Serum Creatinine Detection – “High Glucose Induced Alteration of SIRTs in Endothelial Cells Causes Rapid Aging in a p300 and FOXO Regulated Pathway”
Link: http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0054514
Cortisol EIA – “Yeast cell wall supplementation alters aspects of the physiological and acute phase responses of crossbred heifers to an endotoxin challenge”
Link: http://ini.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/01/03/1753425912469673.abstract
Glutathione Colorimetric Detection – “Glutathione Supplementation Improves Macrophage Functions in HIV”
Link: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/232609896_Glutathione_and_infection
PLUS! … » Read More
J. Drug Targeting, 11 December 2012, “Preparation, characterization, in vivo and biochemical evaluation of brain targeted Piperine solid lipid nanoparticles in an experimentally induced Alzheimer’s disease model” by M. Yusef, et al.
Link http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/1061186X.2012.747529
… » Read MoreCyclic GMP EIA – “Distant effects of nitric oxide inhalation in lavage-induced lung injury in anaesthetised pigs”
Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23198970
PGE2 EIA – “Cyclooxygenase-2 Is a Target of MicroRNA-16 in Human Hepatoma Cells”
Link: http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0050935
PGE2 EIA – “Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Croton Zambesicus (MÜll.… » Read More
Urinary Creatinine Paper -“Reversal of the deleterious effects of chronic dietary HFCS-55 intake by PPAR-δ agonism correlates with impaired NLRP3 inflammasome activation?”
Link: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006295212006909
Serum Creatinine Paper – “Stem Cell Transplantation Increases Antioxidant Effects in Diabetic Mice”
Link: http://www.biolsci.org/v08p1335.htm
Cortisol EIA Paper– “Yeast cell wall supplementation alters the performance and health of newly received crossbred heifers”
Link: http://repositories.tdl.org/ttu-ir/bitstream/handle/2346/46725/YOUNG-THESIS.pdf?sequence=1
Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Paper – “Yeast cell wall supplementation alters the performance and health of newly received crossbred heifers“
Link: http://repositories.tdl.org/ttu-ir/bitstream/handle/2346/46725/YOUNG-THESIS.pdf?sequence=1
… » Read MoreThe calmodulin/calcium-activated K+ channel KCa3.1 is expressed in red and white blood cells, epithelia and endothelia, and possibly central and peripheral neurons. The knowledge about its contribution to neurological functions and behavior is incomplete. The paper examines whether genetic deficiency or pharmacological activation of KCa3.1 change behavior and cerebral monoamine levels in mice.… » Read More
Our new Glucose Fluorescent Detection kit, K039-F1, for serum, plasma, urine, cell extract samples has been launched. The 2 by 96-well plate contains everything needed to measure glucose in < µL amounts of serum and plasma. All liquid, 4°C stable kit.… » Read More
The paper “Effects of lipoic acid on lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes” was published in the Journal of Lipid Research today. This paper describes the use of our Direct Cyclic AMP EIA kit, K019-H1, to measure this analyte in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
Read More: http://www.jlr.org/content/early/2012/08/31/jlr.M027086.abstract
… » Read MoreA paper in PLOS One, entitled “(S)-α-Chlorohydrin Inhibits Protein Tyrosine Phosphorylation through Blocking Cyclic AMP – Protein Kinase A Pathway in Spermatozoa” was published today. This paper describes the use of our chemiluminescent cAMP assay, K019-C1, in the measurement of cAMP in rat sperm.… » Read More
We have just received our new kit boxes. It is a brighter rethink of our original kit box made from a more water resistant card stock. Still completely recyclable. Look for these in your lab soon.
… » Read More
Arbor Assays has awarded a €1,000.00 travel grant to Ekaterina Pavlova of the A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution in Moscow, Russia to help offset costs associated with her presentation at the 3rd ISWE Conference to be held in Vienna, Austria, September 23-26, 2012. … » Read More
For the non-invasive determination of E1S and metabolites in serum, plasma, urine and fecal samples we have launched our new Estrone-3-Sulfate (E1S) EIA Assay Kits, K038-H1 and K038-H5. Clinical studies have indicated the utility of measuring estrone-3-sulfate (E1S) in samples from male horses to monitor cryptorchidism.… » Read More
Arbor Assays announces the launch of its 2 by 96-well plate Hydrogen Peroxide Colorimetric Detection Kit, K034-H1 to supplement its very popular super-sensitive Fluorescent H2O2 Detection kit, K034-F1. The kit can measure from 100 to 3.125 µM H2O2 in 15 minutes using 4°C stable all-liquid components.… » Read More
For the non-invasive determination of PDG and its metabolites in urine and fecal samples, or in extracted serum and plasma we have launched our new Pregnanediol-3-Glucuronide (PDG) EIA Assay Kits, K037-H1 and K037-H5. Clinical studies have indicated the utility of measuring PDG in samples of urine to monitor ovarian function in females
Kit manual: Pregnanediol-3-Glucuronide (PDG) EIA Assay Kits
… » Read MoreThe world’s most sensitive EIA kit for measuring human Osteopontin (OPN) has been launched. This is a double monoclonal antibody based kit where the antibody coated on the plate recognizes only intact hOPN. The assay which can be used for EDTA plasma, urine, milk and culture media, shows linear response with dilution and will measure down to 250 pg/mL hOPN.… » Read More
For the non-invasive determination of E1G and its metabolites in urine and fecal samples, or in extracted serum and plasma we have launched our new Estrone-3-Glucuronide (E1G) EIA Assay Kits, K036-H1 and K036-H5. Clinical studies have indicated the utility of measuring estrone-3-glucuronide (E1G) in samples of urine to monitor ovarian function in females
Kit manual: Estrone-3-Glucuronide (E1G) EIA Assay Kits
… » Read MoreFor the non-invasive determination of pregnancy in urine samples we have launched our new Ceruloplasmin (Cp) Colorimetric Activity Assay Kit, K035-H1. This kit has been shown to measure increasing levels of Cp activity which is expressed in elevated amounts during pregnancy.… » Read More
Visit us at booth # 722 at ASCB, San Diego, December 5-9, 2009
We will have an exhibit booth at the American Society for Cell Biology for the first time. Our booth number is 722 so please stop by and visit us.… » Read More
Arbor Assays announces today that it has signed 3 new distributors in SE Asia. vCell Science is out new distributor in Singapore and Axon Scientific will represent us in Malaysia. We have also signed PT Genetika in Indonesia.… » Read More
Arbor Assays announces new distributor for Spain and Portugal
Arbor Assays today announced the appointment of exclusive distributor for Spain and Madrid. LabNet Biotécnica S.L. has been appointed as Arbor Assays’ exclusive distributor in Spain and Portugal. Full contact details can be found in our Distributor section.… » Read More
Arbor Assays announces the addition of 3 new distributors
Arbor Assays today announced the appointment of exclusive distributors for South Africa and Turkey and an additional distributor in China. BIOCOM Biotech has been appointed as Arbor Assays’ exclusive distributor in South Africa.… » Read More
May 2009 Edition of Clinical Chemistry, 55:895-903
Two Arbor Assays scientists are co-authors on a paper that has just been published in the May 2009 edition of Clinical Chemistry. The paper is entitled “New Dual Monoclonal ELISA for Measuring Plasma Osteopontin as a Biomarker Associated with Survival in Prostate Cancer: Clinical Validation and Comparison of Multiple ELISAs” by Peter H.… » Read More
ANN Arbor, Mich. — (BUSINESS WIRE)
February 25, 2009
January 14, 2009: Arbor Assays and University of Michigan Patent New Demethylase Assay Technology
Two scientists at Arbor Assays, LLC and Professor Ray Trievel from the Department of Biological Chemistry at the University of Michigan filed a US patent application that relates to a new, novel method to detect demethylase enzyme activity.… » Read More
Arbor Assays receives Bronze Team Award for the 2008 MS Walk from the Michigan chapter of the MS Society
Arbor Assays LLC has received a Bronze Team Award from the Michigan chapter of the MS Society for its money raising activity.… » Read More
Cortisone was identified by Mason, Myers and Kendall in 1936 as Compound E extracted from bovine suprarenal gland tissue that had the qualitative but not quantitative activity of cortin. The presence of multiple cortin-like compounds led the authors to speculate that the study of Compound E would reveal the nature of cortin.… » Read More
Glomular Filtration Rate (GFR) is the metric normally used to assess kidney function. It can be determined either by measuring the concentration of endogenous markers such as urea nitrogen or creatinine in serum, or by measuring the clearance rate of exogenous indicators such as inulin, iohexol or 51Cr-EDTA or 125I-iothalamate.… » Read More
Features:
Many new synthetic transformations have been developed that use palladium (Pd) compounds for the catalysis of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom coupling reactions such as the Buchwald-Hartwig, Heck, Kumada, Negishi, Nozaki-Hiyama, Sonogashira, Stille, SuzukiMiyaura, and Tsuji-Trost transformations.… » Read More
Now Available
20-Hydroxyecdysone EIA Kit, K066-H
FEATURES:
Use: Measure 20-hydroxyecdysone from a variety of species
Broad Range: 25000 pg/mL – 100 pg/mL
Time to Answer: 2.5 hours
Sample Volume: 50 μL
Specificity: Highly Specific to 20-hydroxyecdysone, very low cross reactivity with other steroids
Ecdysones are a group of steroid hormones that regulate metamorphosis, cell death, and reproduction in arthropods.… » Read More
Neurosteroids have the ability to rapidly alter neuronal excitability through interactions with ligand-gated ion channels and cell surface receptors. Among these neurosteroids, pregnenolone, progesterone, allopregnanolone, cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone are known to be involved in biological functions that have been implicated in the pathophysiology of various psychiatric disorders.… » Read More
The World Health Organization has estimated 250 million children have moderate to severe Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) due to lack of adequate nutrition, and the rising cost of food staples around the world further exacerbates this problem. In addition to nutritional deficiencies, infectious stresses have been shown to depress retinol concentrations causing individuals with diseases that interfere with adsorption or storage of vitamin A such as cystic fibrosis, pancreatic insufficiency, duodenal bypass, celiac, cirrhosis etc.… » Read More
Cranberry juice has long been known to have antioxidant properties attributed to high levels of polyphenols. While much research has been done concerning the impact of cranberries and cranberry juice on urinary tract infections, fewer studies have examined their effects on other pathologies. … » Read More
